Technical Articles

This article focuses on the optimization of cytokine stimulation protocols for macrophage polarization induction derived from THP-1 cells, systematically elaborating on the key parameters of PMA treatment during the M0 induction phase, the synergistic stimulation concentrations of LPS and IFN-γ in M1-type polarization, and the combination strategies of IL-4 and IL-13 in M2-type polarization, while analyzing core variables affecting polarization efficiency, including cell passage number, resting time, and marker validation.