Technical Articles

TLR4

The TLR4/MD-2 Signaling Pathway: Ligand Recognition, Dual-Branch Transduction and Research Landscape

2026-09-20

TLR4 signaling branches at the TIR domain into MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent pathways, driving NF-κB/MAPK and IRF3/interferon responses respectively. This review systematically covers pathway hierarchy, readout indicators and experimental consid

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Immunity/Inflamma
TLR4
MyD88
TRIF
NF-κB
IRF3
Signaling pathway
UA01001C-28

TLR4: The First Sentinel of Innate Immunity and a Contested Target for Immunomodulatory Drugs

2026-09-20

Once known merely as the LPS sensor, TLR4 now stands at the crossroads of adjuvant development, sepsis intervention and antitumor immunity. This article moves from the structural basis of ligand recognition to its translational value.

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Immunity/Inflamma
TLR4
MD-2
LPS recognition
Receptor dimerization
Innate immunity
UA01001C-28

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