Technical Articles

TGF-β1 acts through a latent-complex activation mechanism. This article explains latency, activation and Smad signaling, and how to determine activity of recombinant TGF-β1.

TGF-β1 is secreted in a latent complex with LAP and LTBP. This article explains latency and activation, Smad2/3 and ALK5 signaling, and its roles in EMT and fibrosis.

From the double-muscle phenotype of myostatin loss-of-function, to the common-brake model where multiple ligands converge on ActRIIA, and on to ligand traps and blocking strategies - this article follows the industrial research logic of ActRIIA-media

ACVR2A (ActRIIA) is a type II serine/threonine kinase receptor of the TGF-beta superfamily. This review covers its molecular features, the activin/myostatin ligand network, SMAD2/3 signaling cascades, and key points in tumor and muscle research.

A systematic review of ActRIIA: extracellular ligand-binding domain, constitutively active intracellular kinase, ALK4 recruitment and SMAD2/3 phosphorylation. Covers physiological contexts from FSH rhythm in the pituitary to osteoclast-osteoblast bal

ActRIIA (ACVR2A) differs from its famous sibling ActRIIB by one letter, yet its fate diverged: outside the muscle spotlight it grew into a main line in bone metabolism and reproductive endocrine research. This article dissects the dual identity of Ac

ActRIIB is the type I receptor kinase for myostatin and activin signaling, writing the 'grow less muscle' instruction into the nucleus. This review covers its receptor structure, signaling axis, disease associations and in vitro research tools.