Technical Articles

This article focuses on the cytokine supplementation concentrations and ratio design during the in vitro activation and polarization of macrophages, systematically elaborating the concentration selection and mechanism of action of M-CSF during the differentiation stage from monocytes to macrophages, analyzing the synergistic stimulation concentrations and timing arrangements of LPS and IFN-γ in M1-type polarization and IL-4 and IL-13 in M2-type polarization, and discussing the effects of the supplemented concentrations of each component on polarization efficiency, marker expression, and cell status.