Technical Articles

This article focuses on the molecular characteristics and biological functions of GDF‑2/BMP‑9. It systematically elaborates its protective mechanism in pulmonary hypertension, which neutralizes IL‑33 signaling and inhibits endothelial‑mesenchymal transition by upregulating the decoy receptor sST2, analyzes the pathological driving effect of the IL‑33 signaling pathway on pulmonary endothelial dysfunction, and discusses the translational potential of the BMP9‑sST2 axis as a novel therapeutic target for pulmonary hypertension.