Technical Articles

Composed of εδ and εγ heterodimers plus ζζ, the CD3 complex is the transduction core of TCR signaling. This review covers its subunit composition, the ITAM phosphorylation hierarchy and the structural basis for T-cell engager design.

The same CD3 arm can be precision guidance or a cytokine storm. Along the design challenges of T-cell engagers, this article dissects why the CD3εγ heterodimer has become the standard starting tool for bispecific antibody development.

Obtaining large numbers of highly active human peripheral blood-derived T cells is a critically important technical step in immunotherapy development, oncology research, and the exploration of immune response mechanisms. Traditional T cell expansion requires researchers to independently optimize the concentrations of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, as well as the ratio of IL-2 - a process that is cumbersome and involves variables that are difficult to control.

Th2 cells, as a crucial subset of CD4+ helper T cells, undergo a precisely regulated differentiation process. Naïve CD4+ T cells recognize the MHC class II-peptide complex on the surface of antigen-presenting cells through their T cell receptor, receiving the first signal; simultaneously, they obtain the second signal through costimulatory molecules such as CD28, thereby completing the dual-signal activation.