Technical Articles

This article systematically elucidates the differentiation pathways of effector B cells and regulatory B cells, as well as their dual functions in immune responses, focusing on the functional heterogeneity of B cells and their polarization regulation in vitro. It analyzes the pivotal roles of key cytokines (IL-2, IL-10, IL-21) in B cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and the directional induction of functional subsets.