Technical Articles

This article systematically elucidates the multifaceted roles of B cells in antibody-independent functions, focusing on their secretion of various cytokines to participate in secondary lymphoid organ development, regulation of CD4+ T cell responses, and immune negative regulation. It analyzes the critical contributions of B cell-derived cytokines such as lymphotoxin, IL-6, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, and IL-10 in maintaining tissue homeostasis and modulating inflammatory responses.